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application papers

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1 application papers

Патенты: заявочные материалы

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > application papers
2 application papers

• hakupaperit

English-Finnish dictionary > application papers
3 application papers

заявочные материалы

Patent terms dictionary > application papers
4 application papers

заявочные материалы

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > application papers
5 application papers

заявочные материалы

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > application papers
6 paper

n

1) бумага

2) документ

3) собир. бумажные деньги, банкноты; векселя

4) pl ценные бумаги

5) газета, журнал

- accommodation paper
- application papers
- background papers
- bank papers
- bankable paper
- brown paper
- business paper
- census paper
- closing papers
- commercial paper
- commercial papers
- commodity paper
- demand paper
- direct paper
- eligible paper
- falsified paper
- financial paper
- fine paper
- fine bank paper
- first-class paper
- flip-flop paper
- gilt-edged paper
- government paper
- identification paper
- identity paper
- ineligible paper
- investment-grade paper
- local paper
- mercantile paper
- negotiable paper
- nonliquid papers
- one-name paper
- order paper
- ordinary paper
- packaging paper
- packing paper
- prime paper
- purchased paper
- scientific paper
- sham paper
- shipper's papers
- shipping papers
- ship's papers
- short-term paper
- single-name paper
- stamped paper
- state papers
- straight paper
- testamentary paper
- time paper
- trade paper
- trading paper
- two-name paper
- unbankable paper
- waste paper
- white paper
- working paper
- wrapping paper
- protest commercial paper

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > paper
7 paper

1) документ

2) собир. бумажные деньги, банкноты; векселя

3) pl ценные бумаги

•

- accommodation paper

- application papers

- background papers

- bank paper

- bankable paper

- business paper

- commercial paper

- commodity paper

- counterfeit paper

- coupon paper

- demand paper

- direct paper

- discounted paper

- eligible paper

- eurocommercial paper

- falsified paper

- financial paper

- fine paper

- fine bank paper

- first-class paper

- flip-flop paper

- gilt-edged paper

- government paper

- ineligible paper

- investment-grade paper

- local paper

- long-dated paper

- mercantile paper

- negotiable paper

- nonliquid papers

- one-name paper

- ordinary paper

- prime paper

- purchased paper

- sham paper

- short-term commercial paper

- single-name paper

- state papers

- straight paper

- time paper

- trade paper

- trading paper

- two-name paper

- unbankable paper

- white paper

- working paper

- market papers

- protest commercial paper

- rollover paper at maturity

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > paper
8 paper

1) документ

2) статья

3) периодическое издание

•

- application papers
- current papers
- date stamped paper
- patent paper
- stamped paper

Patent terms dictionary > paper
9 file

I
1.
noun
(a line of soldiers etc walking one behind the other.) fila

2. verb
(to walk in a file: They filed across the road.) desfilar

- in single file

II
1.
noun
1) (a folder, loose-leaf book etc to hold papers.)

2) (a collection of papers on a particular subject (kept in such a folder).) carpeta

3) (in computing, a collection of data stored eg on a disc.) archivo

2. verb
1) (to put (papers etc) in a file: He filed the letter under P.) archivar

2) (to bring (a suit) before a law court: to file (a suit) for divorce.) presentar

•

- filename
- filing cabinet
III
1.
noun
(a steel tool with a rough surface for smoothing or rubbing away wood, metal etc.) lima

2. verb
(to cut or smooth with a file: She filed her nails.)

- filings

file¹ n

1. carpeta / archivo / expediente

all the information is on file toda la información está archivada

2. lima

a nail file una lima de uñas

in single file en fila india

file² vb

1. archivar

can you file these letters, please? ¿puedes archivar estas cartas, por favor?

2. limar

she files her nails se lima las uñas

3. ir en fila

the soldiers filed out los soldados salieron en fila

El gerundio de file se escribe filing

file

tr[faɪl]

noun

1 (tool) lima

2 (folder) carpeta

3 (archive) archivo, expediente nombre masculino

4 SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL archivo

5 (line) fila

transitive verb

1 (smooth) limar

2 (put away) archivar; (in card index) fichar

3 SMALLLAW/SMALL presentar

intransitive verb

1 (walk in line) desfilar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be on file estar archivado,-a

to have a file on somebody tener a alguien fichado,-a

single file fila india

file ['faɪl] v, filed ; filing vt

1) classify: clasificar

2) : archivar (documentos)

3) submit: presentar

to file charges: presentar cargos

4) smooth: limar

file vi

: desfilar, entrar (o salir) en fila

file n

1) : lima f

nail file: lima de uñas

2) documents: archivo m

3) line: fila f

file

n.

• ala (Herramienta) s.f.

• archivo (Informática) s.m.

• archivo s.m.

• expediente s.m.

• ficha s.f.

• fichero s.m.

• fila s.f.

• guardapapeles s.m.

• legajo s.m.

• lima s.f.

v.

• archivar v.

• clasificar v.

• encasillar v.

• enhilar v.

• fichar v.

• limar v.

faɪl
I

noun

1) ( tool) lima f

2)

a) ( folder) carpeta f; ( box file) clasificador m, archivador m; ( for card index) fichero m

b) ( collection of documents) archivo m; ( of a particular case) expediente m, dossier m

they were keeping a file on him — lo tenían fichado

to put something on file — archivar algo

to be on file — \<\<information\>\> estar* archivado

c) ( Comput) archivo m; (before n) <copy, extension, name> de archivo or fichero

II
1.

transitive verb

1) ( sort) \<\<papers\>\> archivar

2) \<\<application/complaint\>\> presentar

to file a suit — presentar or entablar una demanda

3) ( Tech) \<\<metal\>\> limar

to file one's nails — limarse las uñas

2.

vi

1) ( walk in line) (+ adv compl)

they filed out of/into the room — salieron de/entraron en la habitación en fila

the crowd filed past the tomb — la multitud desfiló ante la tumba

2) ( Law)

to file for divorce — presentar una demanda de divorcio

I [faɪl]
1.

N (=tool) lima f ; (for nails) lima f (de uñas)

2.

VT (also: file down, file away) limar

II [faɪl]
1. N

1) (=folder) carpeta f ; (=dossier) archivo m, carpeta f, expediente m ; (eg loose-leaf file) archivador m, clasificador m ; (=bundle of papers) legajo m ; (=filing system) fichero m

the files — los archivos

the Lucan file — el expediente Lucan

police files — archivos policiales

to close the file on sth — dar carpetazo a algo

to have sth on file — tener algo archivado

to have a file on sb — tener fichado a algn

2) (Comput) fichero m, archivo m

to open/close a file — abrir/cerrar un fichero or archivo

2. VT

1) (also: file away) [+ notes, information, work] archivar; (under heading) clasificar

2) (=submit) [+ claim, application, complaint] presentar

to file a petition for divorce — entablar pleito de divorcio

to file a suit against sb — (Jur) entablar pleito or presentar una demanda contra algn

3.

CPD

file cabinet N — (US) fichero m, archivador m

file clerk N — (US) archivero(-a) m / f

file manager N — (Comput) gestor m de archivos

file name N — (Comput) nombre m de fichero, nombre m de archivo

file server N — (Jur) portador(a) m / f de notificaciones judiciales

- file for

III [faɪl]
1.

N (=row) fila f, hilera f

in single file — en fila india

2.

VI

to file in/out — entrar/salir en fila

to file past — desfilar

they filed past the general — desfilaron ante el general

* * *
[faɪl]
I

noun

1) ( tool) lima f

2)

a) ( folder) carpeta f; ( box file) clasificador m, archivador m; ( for card index) fichero m

b) ( collection of documents) archivo m; ( of a particular case) expediente m, dossier m

they were keeping a file on him — lo tenían fichado

to put something on file — archivar algo

to be on file — \<\<information\>\> estar* archivado

c) ( Comput) archivo m; (before n) <copy, extension, name> de archivo or fichero

II
1.

transitive verb

1) ( sort) \<\<papers\>\> archivar

2) \<\<application/complaint\>\> presentar

to file a suit — presentar or entablar una demanda

3) ( Tech) \<\<metal\>\> limar

to file one's nails — limarse las uñas

2.

vi

1) ( walk in line) (+ adv compl)

they filed out of/into the room — salieron de/entraron en la habitación en fila

the crowd filed past the tomb — la multitud desfiló ante la tumba

2) ( Law)

to file for divorce — presentar una demanda de divorcio

English-spanish dictionary > file
10 file

I [faɪl]
nome

1) archivio m.; (cardboard) cartella f.; (ring binder) raccoglitore m.; (card tray) schedario m.

2) (record) dossier m., pratica f., incartamento m. (on su)

to be on file — essere schedato

3) inform. file m., archivio m.
II 1. [faɪl]
verbo transitivo

1) amm. archiviare, schedare [letter, record]; registrare [ invoice]

2) dir. presentare, inoltrare [application, complaint] ( with presso)

to file a lawsuit — intentare (una) causa ( against a, contro)

3) giorn. inviare [ report]
2.
verbo intransitivo dir.

to file for (a) divorce — presentare istanza di divorzio
III [faɪl]
nome (tool) lima f.
IV [faɪl]
verbo transitivo limare [wood, metal]

to file one's nails — limarsi le unghie
V [faɪl]
nome (line) fila f., coda f.

in single file — in fila indiana
VI [faɪl]
verbo intransitivo camminare in fila

they filed into, out of the classroom — entrarono in, uscirono dalla classe in fila

* * *
I 1. noun
(a line of soldiers etc walking one behind the other.)
2. verb
(to walk in a file: They filed across the road.)

- in single file
II 1. noun
1) (a folder, loose-leaf book etc to hold papers.)

2) (a collection of papers on a particular subject (kept in such a folder).)

3) (in computing, a collection of data stored eg on a disc.)
2. verb
1) (to put (papers etc) in a file: He filed the letter under P.)

2) (to bring (a suit) before a law court: to file (a suit) for divorce.)

•

- filename
- filing cabinet III 1. noun
(a steel tool with a rough surface for smoothing or rubbing away wood, metal etc.)
2. verb
(to cut or smooth with a file: She filed her nails.)

- filings

* * *
I [faɪl]
nome

1) archivio m.; (cardboard) cartella f.; (ring binder) raccoglitore m.; (card tray) schedario m.

2) (record) dossier m., pratica f., incartamento m. (on su)

to be on file — essere schedato

3) inform. file m., archivio m.
II 1. [faɪl]
verbo transitivo

1) amm. archiviare, schedare [letter, record]; registrare [ invoice]

2) dir. presentare, inoltrare [application, complaint] ( with presso)

to file a lawsuit — intentare (una) causa ( against a, contro)

3) giorn. inviare [ report]
2.
verbo intransitivo dir.

to file for (a) divorce — presentare istanza di divorzio
III [faɪl]
nome (tool) lima f.
IV [faɪl]
verbo transitivo limare [wood, metal]

to file one's nails — limarsi le unghie
V [faɪl]
nome (line) fila f., coda f.

in single file — in fila indiana
VI [faɪl]
verbo intransitivo camminare in fila

they filed into, out of the classroom — entrarono in, uscirono dalla classe in fila

English-Italian dictionary > file
11 file

I 1. noun
Feile, die; (nail-file) [Nagel]feile, die
2. transitive verb
feilen [Fingernägel]; mit der Feile bearbeiten [Holz, Eisen]

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/87019/file_away">file away

- file down
II 1. noun
1) (holder) Ordner, der; (box) Kassette, die; [Dokumenten]schachtel, die

on file — in der Kartei/in od. bei den Akten

put something on file — etwas in die Akten/Kartei aufnehmen

2) (set of papers) Ablage, die; (as cards) Kartei, die

open/keep a file on somebody/something — eine Akte über jemanden/etwas anlegen/führen
2. transitive verb
1) (place in a file) [in die Kartei] einordnen/[in die Akten] aufnehmen; ablegen (Bürow.)

2) (submit) einreichen [Antrag]

3) [Journalist:] einsenden [Bericht]

Phrasal Verbs:

- file away
III 1. noun
Reihe, die

[in] single or Indian file — [im] Gänsemarsch
2. intransitive verb
in einer Reihe hintereinander hergehen

Phrasal Verbs:

- file away

- file off

* * *
I 1. noun
(a line of soldiers etc walking one behind the other.) die Reihe
2. verb
(to walk in a file: They filed across the road.) hintereinander marschieren

- in single file
II 1. noun
1) (a folder, loose-leaf book etc to hold papers.) der Aktenordner

2) (a collection of papers on a particular subject (kept in such a folder).) die Akte

3) (in computing, a collection of data stored eg on a disc.) die Reihe
2. verb
1) (to put (papers etc) in a file: He filed the letter under P.) abheften

2) (to bring (a suit) before a law court: to file (a suit) for divorce.) einreichen

•

- filename
- filing cabinet III 1. noun
(a steel tool with a rough surface for smoothing or rubbing away wood, metal etc.) die Feile
2. verb
(to cut or smooth with a file: She filed her nails.) feilen

- filings

* * *

file¹

[faɪl]

I. n

1. (folder) [Akten]hefter m; (hardback with a spine) [Akten]ordner m; (loose-leaf) [Akten]mappe f

box \file kastenförmiger Aktenordner

you'll find it in the \files under C das muss in den Akten unter C sein

2. (information, database) Akte f (on über + akk)

the Reg Jones \file die Akte Reg Jones

to place sth on \file etw zu den Akten nehmen

to keep a \file on sb/sth eine Akte über jdn/etw führen

to open [or start] a \file eine Akte anlegen

3. (records)

▪ \files pl Unterlagen pl, Akten pl

your report will be put into our \files wir werden ihren Bericht zu unseren Akten nehmen

to be in [or on] sb's \file in jds Akten [o Unterlagen] sein

4. COMPUT Datei f

to copy/delete/save a \file eine Datei kopieren/löschen/speichern

5.

▶ to keep sth on \file etw aufbewahren

II. n modifier

\file copy Aktenkopie f

III. vt

1. (put in folder)

▪ to \file sth etw ablegen; (not loose also) etw abheften

we \file these reports under country of origin wir ordnen diese Berichte unter dem Ursprungsland ein

these scripts are \filed according to the author's last name diese Texte werden nach dem Nachnamen des Autors archiviert

2. (submit)

to \file a bid ein Angebot abgeben

to \file a claim for sth einen Anspruch auf etw akk erheben

claims were \filed for enormous damages against tobacco companies die Zigarettenindustrie wurde mit enormen Schadenersatzforderungen konfrontiert

to \file a petition einen Antrag stellen

to \file a petition in bankruptcy (one's own) Konkurs anmelden; (sb else's) Konkurs beantragen

to \file a protest Einspruch einlegen

to \file a suit against sb/sth eine Klage gegen jdn/etw einreichen

to \file a tax return eine Steuererklärung abgeben

3. JOURN

to \file a copy/report/story ein Manuskript/einen Bericht/eine Geschichte einsenden

IV. vi LAW

▪ to \file for sth auf etw akk klagen

to \file for bankruptcy einen Konkursantrag stellen, Konkurs anmelden

to \file for divorce die Scheidung beantragen

file²

[faɪl]

I. n

1. (line) Reihe f

a \file of children eine Reihe Kinder

in \file in Reih und Glied

in single \file im Gänsemarsch

to stand in single \file in Reihe stehen

2. + sing/pl vb MIL Abteilung f

3. CHESS Reihe f

II. vi

▪ to \file into sth nacheinander in etw akk [herein]kommen

the guests \filed out of the hall ein Gast nach dem anderen verließ den Saal

hundreds of tourists \filed past the monument Hunderte von Touristen defilierten an dem Denkmal vorbei

the visitors \filed through the entrance to the ticket offices die Besucherschlange reichte durch den Eingang bis zum Kartenschalter

file³

[faɪl]

I. n (tool) Feile f

II. vt (smooth)

▪ to \file sth etw feilen

to \file one's nails sich dat die Nägel feilen

▪ to \file sth down etw abfeilen

* * *
I [faɪl]
1. n
(= tool) Feile f
2. vt
feilen
to file one's ( finger)nails — sich (dat) die Fingernägel feilen
II
1. n

1) (= holder) (Akten)hefter m, Aktenordner m; (for card index) Karteikasten m

would you fetch it from the files — könnten Sie es bitte aus der Ablage holen

it's in the files somewhere — das muss irgendwo bei den Akten sein

2) (= documents, information) Akte f (on sb über jdn, on sth zu etw)

on file — aktenkundig, bei den Akten

have we got that on file? — haben wir das bei den Akten?

to open or start a file on sb/sth —

to have/keep a file on sb/sth — eine Akte über jdn/zu etw haben/führen

to keep sb/sth on file — jds Unterlagen/die Unterlagen über etw (acc) zurückbehalten

to close the file on sb/sth — jds Akte/die Akte zu einer Sache schließen

the Kowalski file — die Akte Kowalski

3) (COMPUT) Datei f, File nt

data on file — gespeicherte Daten

to have sth on file — etw im Computer gespeichert haben

to activate/insert a file — eine Datei aufrufen/einfügen

to attach a file — eine Datei ( als Attachment) anhängen

4) (TV) Archivbilder pl

2. vt

1) (= put in file) letters ablegen, abheften; (COMPUT) text abspeichern

it's filed under "B" — das ist unter "B" abgelegt

2) (PRESS) report einsenden

3) (JUR) complaint einreichen, erheben; (law)suit anstrengen

to file a petition with a court — einen Antrag bei Gericht einreichen

3. vi

to file for divorce — die Scheidung einreichen

to file for bankruptcy — Konkurs anmelden

to file for custody (of the children) — das Sorgerecht (für die Kinder) beantragen
III
1. n
(= row) Reihe f
in Indian or single file — im Gänsemarsch; (Mil) in Reihe

See:

→ rank

2. vi

to file in — hereinmarschieren or -kommen

they filed out of the classroom — sie gingen hintereinander or nacheinander aus dem Klassenzimmer

the procession filed under the archway —

they filed through the turnstile — sie kamen nacheinander durch das Drehkreuz

the troops filed past the general — die Truppen marschierten or defilierten am General vorbei

the children filed past the headmaster — die Kinder gingen in einer Reihe am Direktor vorbei

* * *

file¹ [faıl]

A s

1. (Akten-, Brief-, Dokumenten) Ordner m, Karteikasten m

2. a) Akte(nstück) f(n):

keep ( oder have) a file on Kartei oder eine Akte führen über (akk)

b) Akten(bündel) pl(n), -stoß m

c) Akten pl, Ablage f, abgelegte Briefe pl oder Dokumente pl:

be on file bei den Akten sein oder liegen;

place ( oder put) on file → B 1

3. COMPUT Datei f

4. Aufreihfaden m, -draht m

5. Reihe f: → Indian file, single file

6. MIL Rotte f

7. Reihe f (Personen oder Sachen hintereinander)

8. Liste f, Verzeichnis n

B v/t

1. a) auch file away Briefe etc ablegen, (ein)ordnen, ab-, einheften, zu den Akten nehmen:

“to be filed” „zu den Akten!“

b) IT Daten abspeichern

2. file off (in einer Reihe ab)marschieren lassen

3. einen Antrag etc einreichen, eine Forderung anmelden, Berufung einlegen: → action 12, application 6, 8, suit A 4

C v/i in einer Reihe oder hintereinander (hinein-, hinaus- etc) marschieren:

file in (out);

file past vorbeidefilieren (an dat)

file² [faıl]

A s

1. TECH Feile f

2. Br sl schlauer Fuchs, geriebener Kerl

B v/t

1. TECH (zu-, be)feilen:

file one’s fingernails sich die Fingernägel feilen;

file away ( oder down) abfeilen

2. fig seinen Stil etc (zurecht)feilen

* * *
I 1. noun
Feile, die; (nail-file) [Nagel]feile, die
2. transitive verb
feilen [Fingernägel]; mit der Feile bearbeiten [Holz, Eisen]

Phrasal Verbs:

- file away

- file down
II 1. noun
1) (holder) Ordner, der; (box) Kassette, die; [Dokumenten]schachtel, die

on file — in der Kartei/in od. bei den Akten

put something on file — etwas in die Akten/Kartei aufnehmen

2) (set of papers) Ablage, die; (as cards) Kartei, die

open/keep a file on somebody/something — eine Akte über jemanden/etwas anlegen/führen
2. transitive verb
1) (place in a file) [in die Kartei] einordnen/[in die Akten] aufnehmen; ablegen (Bürow.)

2) (submit) einreichen [Antrag]

3) [Journalist:] einsenden [Bericht]

Phrasal Verbs:

- file away
III 1. noun
Reihe, die

[in] single or Indian file — [im] Gänsemarsch
2. intransitive verb
in einer Reihe hintereinander hergehen

Phrasal Verbs:

- file away

- file off

* * *

(dossier) in circulation n.

Umlaufmappe f. (computers) n.

Datei -n f. n.

Akte -n f.

Briefordner m.

Feile -n f.

File -s n.

Kartei -en f.

Mappe -n (Akte) f.

Ordner - m.

Reihe -n f. (to archive) v.

ordnen v. (metalwork) v.

feilen v. v.

ablegen (Briefe usw.) v.

English-german dictionary > file
12 Bibliography

■ Aitchison, J. (1987). Noam Chomsky: Consensus and controversy. New York: Falmer Press.

■ Anderson, J. R. (1980). Cognitive psychology and its implications. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

■ Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

■ Anderson, J. R. (1995). Cognitive psychology and its implications (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.

■ Archilochus (1971). In M. L. West (Ed.), Iambi et elegi graeci (Vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

■ Armstrong, D. M. (1990). The causal theory of the mind. In W. G. Lycan (Ed.), Mind and cognition: A reader (pp. 37-47). Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. (Originally published in 1981 in The nature of mind and other essays, Ithaca, NY: University Press).

■ Atkins, P. W. (1992). Creation revisited. Oxford: W. H. Freeman & Company.

■ Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

■ Bacon, F. (1878). Of the proficience and advancement of learning divine and human. In The works of Francis Bacon (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: Hurd & Houghton.

■ Bacon, R. (1928). Opus majus (Vol. 2). R. B. Burke (Trans.). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

■ Bar-Hillel, Y. (1960). The present status of automatic translation of languages. In F. L. Alt (Ed.), Advances in computers (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press.

■ Barr, A., & E. A. Feigenbaum (Eds.) (1981). The handbook of artificial intelligence (Vol. 1). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

■ Barr, A., & E. A. Feigenbaum (Eds.) (1982). The handbook of artificial intelligence (Vol. 2). Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman.

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Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
13 Bain, Alexander

SUBJECT AREA: Horology, Telecommunications

[br]

b. October 1810 Watten, Scotland

d. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland

[br]

Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).

[br]

Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.

The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.

[br]

Bibliography

1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.

10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).

1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles and

Mechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).

Further Reading

The best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.

J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).

J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.

J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.

D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.

T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).

See also: Bakewell, Frederick C.

DV / KF

Biographical history of technology > Bain, Alexander
14 Preece, Sir William Henry

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Public utilities, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 15 February 1834 Bryn Helen, Gwynedd, Wales

d. 6 November 1913 Penrhos, Gwynedd, Wales

[br]

Welsh electrical engineer who greatly furthered the development and use of wireless telegraphy and the telephone in Britain, dominating British Post Office engineering during the last two decades of the nineteenth century.

[br]

After education at King's College, London, in 1852 Preece entered the office of Edwin Clark with the intention of becoming a civil engineer, but graduate studies at the Royal Institution under Faraday fired his enthusiasm for things electrical. His earliest work, as connected with telegraphy and in particular its application for securing the safe working of railways; in 1853 he obtained an appointment with the Electric and National Telegraph Company. In 1856 he became Superintendent of that company's southern district, but four years later he moved to telegraph work with the London and South West Railway. From 1858 to 1862 he was also Engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. When the various telegraph companies in Britain were transferred to the State in 1870, Preece became a Divisional Engineer in the General Post Office (GPO). Promotion followed in 1877, when he was appointed Chief Electrician to the Post Office. One of the first specimens of Bell's telephone was brought to England by Preece and exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1877. From 1892 to 1899 he served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Post Office. During this time he made a number of important contributions to telegraphy, including the use of water as part of telegraph circuits across the Solent (1882) and the Bristol Channel (1888). He also discovered the existence of inductive effects between parallel wires, and with Fleming showed that a current (thermionic) flowed between the hot filament and a cold conductor in an incandescent lamp.

Preece was distinguished by his administrative ability, some scientific insight, considerable engineering intuition and immense energy. He held erroneous views about telephone transmission and, not accepting the work of Oliver Heaviside, made many errors when planning trunk circuits. Prior to the successful use of Hertzian waves for wireless communication Preece carried out experiments, often on a large scale, in attempts at wireless communication by inductive methods. These became of historic interest only when the work of Maxwell and Hertz was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. It is to Preece that credit should be given for encouraging Marconi in 1896 and collaborating with him in his early experimental work on radio telegraphy.

While still employed by the Post Office, Preece contributed to the development of numerous early public electricity schemes, acting as Consultant and often supervising their construction. At Worcester he was responsible for Britain's largest nineteenth-century public hydro-electric station. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1899, after which he continued his consulting practice in association with his two sons and Major Philip Cardew. Preece contributed some 136 papers and printed lectures to scientific journals, ninety-nine during the period 1877 to 1894.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

CB 1894. Knighted (KCB) 1899. FRS 1881. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers, 1880. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1880, 1893. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1898–9. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1901–2.

Bibliography

Preece produced numerous papers on telegraphy and telephony that were presented as Royal Institution Lectures (see Royal Institution Library of Science, 1974) or as British Association reports.

1862–3, "Railway telegraphs and the application of electricity to the signaling and working of trains", Proceedings of the ICE 22:167–93.

Eleven editions of Telegraphy (with J.Sivewright), London, 1870, were published by 1895.

1883, "Molecular radiation in incandescent lamps", Proceedings of the Physical Society 5: 283.

1885. "Molecular shadows in incandescent lamps". Proceedings of the Physical Society 7: 178.

1886. "Electric induction between wires and wires", British Association Report. 1889, with J.Maier, The Telephone.

1894, "Electric signalling without wires", RSA Journal.

1898, "Aetheric telegraphy", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.

Further Reading

J.J.Fahie, 1899, History of Wireless Telegraphy 1838–1899, Edinburgh: Blackwood. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.

E.C.Baker, 1976, Sir William Preece, F.R.S. Victorian Engineer Extraordinary, London (a detailed biography with an appended list of his patents, principal lectures and publications).

D.G.Tucker, 1981–2, "Sir William Preece (1834–1913)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:119–36 (a critical review with a summary of his consultancies).

GW / KF

Biographical history of technology > Preece, Sir William Henry
15 ASP

1) Общая лексика: американец англосаксонского происхождения и протестантского вероисповедания (американец, которого в Соединённых Штатах считают "чистым" в расовом отношении), Amur Shipbuilding Plant

2) Компьютерная техника: ATM Switch Processor, Advanced Spatial Parameterization, Advanced Systems Protocol, Auxiliary Storage Pool, (Advanced Sector Protection) технология расширенной защиты секторов

3) Биология: American Society of Parasitologists

4) Авиация: audio selector panel

5) Разговорное выражение: (сокр. от Anglo-Saxon Protestant) американец англосаксонского происхождения и протестантского вероисповедания (американец, которого в Соединённых Штатах считают "чистым" в расовом отношении)

6) Военный термин: Air Subpanel, All Source Production, Allied Standing Procedure, Armed Services Police, Armed Services papers, Army Strategic Plan, Army supply program, advanced signal processor, advanced studies program, advanced supply point, advanced systems planning, air stores park, air superiority program, air support party, air support plan, airborne sensor platform, aircraft servicing platform, all-altitude spin projected, ammunition supply point, amphibious supply platform, annual service practice, antisubmarine plane, armament status panel, atomic strike plan, augmented support period, augmented support plan, automated schedule procedures, automatic switching panel, available supply point, отображение воздушной обстановки (Air Situation Picture)

7) Техника: Artifical Stone Paving, accepted stores procedure, accident sequence precursor, active sonar processor, administrative site procedure, aft solar panel, analog signal processor, antenna sidelobe pattern, application service providers, automatic sample processor, automatic schedule procedure, automatic servo plotter, auxiliary shutdown panel, auxiliary spacecraft power

8) Шутливое выражение: Awful Stock Pick

9) Юридический термин: Asinine Server Problems

10) Экономика: Area Settlement Plan, зональная система взаиморасчётов

11) Грубое выражение: Angry Sick Person, Ass Suck Protocol

12) Телекоммуникации: Active Signaling Protocol, Advanced Speech Processor

13) Сокращение: Advanced Soundranging Programme (UK), Aggregated Switch Procurement, Air Surveillance Platform (India), Airbase Survivability Program (USA), Anglo-Saxon Protestant, Annual Service Practice (USA), Antenna Scan Period, Application Service Provider, Associate Supervisor Program (since 1996, 16 week program), Automatic, Self-Powered (USA), Aspartic acid, активная серверная страница (Active Server Page (Microsoft)), авторизированный поставщик услуг (Authorized Service Provider)

14) Университет: Academy of Students of Pharmacy, The Academy Of Student Pharmacists

15) Физиология: Awareness during Sleep Paralysis

16) Электроника: (Application-Specific Products) специализированная (под конкретные задачи) продукция

17) Сленг: американец, "чистый" в расовом отношении

18) Вычислительная техника: Active Server Page, Advanced Signal Processing / Processor, attached support processor, average selling price, Appletalk Session Protocol (Apple, AppleTalk), Active Server Pages (HTTP, MS), Application Service Provider / Providing (ISP, Internet), Abstract Service Primitive (OSI), Authorized Service Provider (Sun), Association of Shareware Professionals (organization, USA), active server pages

19) Нефть: acoustic scope picture, allowable surface pressure, apparent spontaneous potential

20) Биохимия: acylation-stimulating protein (белок, стимулирующий ацилирование)

21) Банковское дело: американская продажная цена (American selling price)

22) Транспорт: Arrival Sequencing Program, Aviation Safety Program

23) Пищевая промышленность: (amnesic shellfish poison)(amnesic shellfish poisoning) амнестический токсикоз (пищевое отравление), (amnesic shellfish poison)(amnesic shellfish poisoning) амнестический токсин (накапливающийся в раковинных моллюсках в периоды цветения определенных видов микроводорослей)

24) Экология: American Society of Photogrammetry

25) Деловая лексика: Administrative System Project, Administrative Systems Project, Average Sales Price

26) Стратиграфия: (auxiliary stratotype point) вспомогательная стратотипическая точка

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: alkali surfactant polymer, модуль двусторонней связи и питания (ASP; МДСП)

28) Образование: Alternative School Programs

29) Инвестиции: American selling price

30) Сетевые технологии: Advanced Simple Profile, AppleTalk Session Protocol, Active Server Pages (технология, позволяющая выполнять программы-сценарии на сервере, получая при этом через программы-клиенты результат, отображаемый веб-обозревателем)

31) Автоматика: automated small batch production

32) Расширение файла: Application/Authorized Service Provider, Association of Shareware Professionals, Association of Shareware Professionals note, Active Server Page (Microsoft), Aspect language script file (Procomm Plus)

33) Электротехника: aluminum-steel-polyethylene

34) Водоснабжение: Active Sludge Plant-станция биологической очистки

35) Майкрософт: поставщик услуг ASP, страницы ASP

36) Общественная организация: Astronomical Society of the Pacific

37) Должность: Accredited Staging Professional

38) NYSE. American Strategic Income PT Fund, Inc.

39) Программное обеспечение: Atari Software Pirates

40) Парашютный спорт: Accelerated Skydiving Program

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ASP
16 Asp

1) Общая лексика: американец англосаксонского происхождения и протестантского вероисповедания (американец, которого в Соединённых Штатах считают "чистым" в расовом отношении), Amur Shipbuilding Plant

2) Компьютерная техника: ATM Switch Processor, Advanced Spatial Parameterization, Advanced Systems Protocol, Auxiliary Storage Pool, (Advanced Sector Protection) технология расширенной защиты секторов

3) Биология: American Society of Parasitologists

4) Авиация: audio selector panel

5) Разговорное выражение: (сокр. от Anglo-Saxon Protestant) американец англосаксонского происхождения и протестантского вероисповедания (американец, которого в Соединённых Штатах считают "чистым" в расовом отношении)

6) Военный термин: Air Subpanel, All Source Production, Allied Standing Procedure, Armed Services Police, Armed Services papers, Army Strategic Plan, Army supply program, advanced signal processor, advanced studies program, advanced supply point, advanced systems planning, air stores park, air superiority program, air support party, air support plan, airborne sensor platform, aircraft servicing platform, all-altitude spin projected, ammunition supply point, amphibious supply platform, annual service practice, antisubmarine plane, armament status panel, atomic strike plan, augmented support period, augmented support plan, automated schedule procedures, automatic switching panel, available supply point, отображение воздушной обстановки (Air Situation Picture)

7) Техника: Artifical Stone Paving, accepted stores procedure, accident sequence precursor, active sonar processor, administrative site procedure, aft solar panel, analog signal processor, antenna sidelobe pattern, application service providers, automatic sample processor, automatic schedule procedure, automatic servo plotter, auxiliary shutdown panel, auxiliary spacecraft power

8) Шутливое выражение: Awful Stock Pick

9) Юридический термин: Asinine Server Problems

10) Экономика: Area Settlement Plan, зональная система взаиморасчётов

11) Грубое выражение: Angry Sick Person, Ass Suck Protocol

12) Телекоммуникации: Active Signaling Protocol, Advanced Speech Processor

13) Сокращение: Advanced Soundranging Programme (UK), Aggregated Switch Procurement, Air Surveillance Platform (India), Airbase Survivability Program (USA), Anglo-Saxon Protestant, Annual Service Practice (USA), Antenna Scan Period, Application Service Provider, Associate Supervisor Program (since 1996, 16 week program), Automatic, Self-Powered (USA), Aspartic acid, активная серверная страница (Active Server Page (Microsoft)), авторизированный поставщик услуг (Authorized Service Provider)

14) Университет: Academy of Students of Pharmacy, The Academy Of Student Pharmacists

15) Физиология: Awareness during Sleep Paralysis

16) Электроника: (Application-Specific Products) специализированная (под конкретные задачи) продукция

17) Сленг: американец, "чистый" в расовом отношении

18) Вычислительная техника: Active Server Page, Advanced Signal Processing / Processor, attached support processor, average selling price, Appletalk Session Protocol (Apple, AppleTalk), Active Server Pages (HTTP, MS), Application Service Provider / Providing (ISP, Internet), Abstract Service Primitive (OSI), Authorized Service Provider (Sun), Association of Shareware Professionals (organization, USA), active server pages

19) Нефть: acoustic scope picture, allowable surface pressure, apparent spontaneous potential

20) Биохимия: acylation-stimulating protein (белок, стимулирующий ацилирование)

21) Банковское дело: американская продажная цена (American selling price)

22) Транспорт: Arrival Sequencing Program, Aviation Safety Program

23) Пищевая промышленность: (amnesic shellfish poison)(amnesic shellfish poisoning) амнестический токсикоз (пищевое отравление), (amnesic shellfish poison)(amnesic shellfish poisoning) амнестический токсин (накапливающийся в раковинных моллюсках в периоды цветения определенных видов микроводорослей)

24) Экология: American Society of Photogrammetry

25) Деловая лексика: Administrative System Project, Administrative Systems Project, Average Sales Price

26) Стратиграфия: (auxiliary stratotype point) вспомогательная стратотипическая точка

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: alkali surfactant polymer, модуль двусторонней связи и питания (ASP; МДСП)

28) Образование: Alternative School Programs

29) Инвестиции: American selling price

30) Сетевые технологии: Advanced Simple Profile, AppleTalk Session Protocol, Active Server Pages (технология, позволяющая выполнять программы-сценарии на сервере, получая при этом через программы-клиенты результат, отображаемый веб-обозревателем)

31) Автоматика: automated small batch production

32) Расширение файла: Application/Authorized Service Provider, Association of Shareware Professionals, Association of Shareware Professionals note, Active Server Page (Microsoft), Aspect language script file (Procomm Plus)

33) Электротехника: aluminum-steel-polyethylene

34) Водоснабжение: Active Sludge Plant-станция биологической очистки

35) Майкрософт: поставщик услуг ASP, страницы ASP

36) Общественная организация: Astronomical Society of the Pacific

37) Должность: Accredited Staging Professional

38) NYSE. American Strategic Income PT Fund, Inc.

39) Программное обеспечение: Atari Software Pirates

40) Парашютный спорт: Accelerated Skydiving Program

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Asp
17 asp

1) Общая лексика: американец англосаксонского происхождения и протестантского вероисповедания (американец, которого в Соединённых Штатах считают "чистым" в расовом отношении), Amur Shipbuilding Plant

2) Компьютерная техника: ATM Switch Processor, Advanced Spatial Parameterization, Advanced Systems Protocol, Auxiliary Storage Pool, (Advanced Sector Protection) технология расширенной защиты секторов

3) Биология: American Society of Parasitologists

4) Авиация: audio selector panel

5) Разговорное выражение: (сокр. от Anglo-Saxon Protestant) американец англосаксонского происхождения и протестантского вероисповедания (американец, которого в Соединённых Штатах считают "чистым" в расовом отношении)

6) Военный термин: Air Subpanel, All Source Production, Allied Standing Procedure, Armed Services Police, Armed Services papers, Army Strategic Plan, Army supply program, advanced signal processor, advanced studies program, advanced supply point, advanced systems planning, air stores park, air superiority program, air support party, air support plan, airborne sensor platform, aircraft servicing platform, all-altitude spin projected, ammunition supply point, amphibious supply platform, annual service practice, antisubmarine plane, armament status panel, atomic strike plan, augmented support period, augmented support plan, automated schedule procedures, automatic switching panel, available supply point, отображение воздушной обстановки (Air Situation Picture)

7) Техника: Artifical Stone Paving, accepted stores procedure, accident sequence precursor, active sonar processor, administrative site procedure, aft solar panel, analog signal processor, antenna sidelobe pattern, application service providers, automatic sample processor, automatic schedule procedure, automatic servo plotter, auxiliary shutdown panel, auxiliary spacecraft power

8) Шутливое выражение: Awful Stock Pick

9) Юридический термин: Asinine Server Problems

10) Экономика: Area Settlement Plan, зональная система взаиморасчётов

11) Грубое выражение: Angry Sick Person, Ass Suck Protocol

12) Телекоммуникации: Active Signaling Protocol, Advanced Speech Processor

13) Сокращение: Advanced Soundranging Programme (UK), Aggregated Switch Procurement, Air Surveillance Platform (India), Airbase Survivability Program (USA), Anglo-Saxon Protestant, Annual Service Practice (USA), Antenna Scan Period, Application Service Provider, Associate Supervisor Program (since 1996, 16 week program), Automatic, Self-Powered (USA), Aspartic acid, активная серверная страница (Active Server Page (Microsoft)), авторизированный поставщик услуг (Authorized Service Provider)

14) Университет: Academy of Students of Pharmacy, The Academy Of Student Pharmacists

15) Физиология: Awareness during Sleep Paralysis

16) Электроника: (Application-Specific Products) специализированная (под конкретные задачи) продукция

17) Сленг: американец, "чистый" в расовом отношении

18) Вычислительная техника: Active Server Page, Advanced Signal Processing / Processor, attached support processor, average selling price, Appletalk Session Protocol (Apple, AppleTalk), Active Server Pages (HTTP, MS), Application Service Provider / Providing (ISP, Internet), Abstract Service Primitive (OSI), Authorized Service Provider (Sun), Association of Shareware Professionals (organization, USA), active server pages

19) Нефть: acoustic scope picture, allowable surface pressure, apparent spontaneous potential

20) Биохимия: acylation-stimulating protein (белок, стимулирующий ацилирование)

21) Банковское дело: американская продажная цена (American selling price)

22) Транспорт: Arrival Sequencing Program, Aviation Safety Program

23) Пищевая промышленность: (amnesic shellfish poison)(amnesic shellfish poisoning) амнестический токсикоз (пищевое отравление), (amnesic shellfish poison)(amnesic shellfish poisoning) амнестический токсин (накапливающийся в раковинных моллюсках в периоды цветения определенных видов микроводорослей)

24) Экология: American Society of Photogrammetry

25) Деловая лексика: Administrative System Project, Administrative Systems Project, Average Sales Price

26) Стратиграфия: (auxiliary stratotype point) вспомогательная стратотипическая точка

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: alkali surfactant polymer, модуль двусторонней связи и питания (ASP; МДСП)

28) Образование: Alternative School Programs

29) Инвестиции: American selling price

30) Сетевые технологии: Advanced Simple Profile, AppleTalk Session Protocol, Active Server Pages (технология, позволяющая выполнять программы-сценарии на сервере, получая при этом через программы-клиенты результат, отображаемый веб-обозревателем)

31) Автоматика: automated small batch production

32) Расширение файла: Application/Authorized Service Provider, Association of Shareware Professionals, Association of Shareware Professionals note, Active Server Page (Microsoft), Aspect language script file (Procomm Plus)

33) Электротехника: aluminum-steel-polyethylene

34) Водоснабжение: Active Sludge Plant-станция биологической очистки

35) Майкрософт: поставщик услуг ASP, страницы ASP

36) Общественная организация: Astronomical Society of the Pacific

37) Должность: Accredited Staging Professional

38) NYSE. American Strategic Income PT Fund, Inc.

39) Программное обеспечение: Atari Software Pirates

40) Парашютный спорт: Accelerated Skydiving Program

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > asp
18 Rawcliffe, Gordon Hindle

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

b. 2 June 1910 Sheffield, England

d. 3 September 1979 Bristol, England

[br]

English scientist and inventor of the multi-speed induction motor using the pole amplitude modulation principle.

[br]

After graduating from Keble College, Oxford, Rawcliffe joined the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company in 1932 as a college apprentice, and later became a design engineer. This was followed by a period as a lecturer at Liverpool University, where he was able to extend his knowledge of the principles underlying the design and operation of electrical machines. In 1941 he became Head of the Electrical Engineering Department at the Robert Gordon Technical College, Aberdeen, and Lecturer in charge of Electrical Engineering at Aberdeen University. In 1944 Rawcliffe was appointed to the Chair of Electrical Engineering at the University of Bristol, where he remained until his retirement in 1975. The reputation of his department was enhanced by the colleagues he recruited.

After 1954 he began research into polyphase windings, the basis of alternating-current machinery, and published papers concerned with the dual problems of frequency changing and pole changing. The result of this research was the discovery in 1957 of a technique for making squirrel-cage induction motors run at more than one speed. By reversing current in one part of the winding, the pole distribution and number were changed, and with it the speed of rotation.

Rawcliffe's name became synonymous with pole amplitude modulation, or PAM, the name given to this technique. Described by Rawcliffe as a new philosophy of windings, the technique led to a series of research papers, patents and licensing agreements in addition to consultancies to advise on application problems. Commercial exploitation of the new idea throughout Western Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States followed. In total he contributed twentyfive papers to the Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and some sixty British patent applications were filed.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1972. Royal Society S.G.Brown Medal 1978.

Bibliography

21 August 1958, British patent no. 900,600 (pole amplitude modulation).

1958, with R.F.Burbridge and W.Fong, "Induction motor speed changing by pole amplitude modulation", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 105 (Part A): 411–19 (the first description of pole amplitude modulation).

Further Reading

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1981, Vol. XXVII, London, pp. 479–503 (includes lists of Rawcliffe's patents and principal papers published).

GW

Biographical history of technology > Rawcliffe, Gordon Hindle
19 file

I 1. noun
(a line of soldiers etc walking one behind the other.) rekke
2. verb
(to walk in a file: They filed across the road.) gå i rekke/én etter én

- in single file
II 1. noun
1) (a folder, loose-leaf book etc to hold papers.) (arkiv)mappe, omslag, brevordner

2) (a collection of papers on a particular subject (kept in such a folder).) arkiv, kartotek; dossier

3) (in computing, a collection of data stored eg on a disc.) fil, dokument
2. verb
1) (to put (papers etc) in a file: He filed the letter under P.) arkivere, sette inn i brevordner

2) (to bring (a suit) before a law court: to file (a suit) for divorce.) inngi, sende inn

•

- filename
- filing cabinet III 1. noun
(a steel tool with a rough surface for smoothing or rubbing away wood, metal etc.) fil
2. verb
(to cut or smooth with a file: She filed her nails.) file

- filings

arkiver
--------
fil
--------
kartotek

I
subst. \/faɪl\/

1) samlingsperm, perm, mappe, brevordner

• where is the file of The Times?

hvor er permen til The Times?

• we have placed the correspondence on our files

vi har lagt korrespondansen i brevpermen

2) arkivskap, kartotek, dokumentskap

3) (dokument)samling, register, dossier, akt, sak

4) ( edb) fil

5) rekke (av personer eller saker etter hverandre), ledd

6) ( militærvesen) rode, rekke

7) ( sjakk) vertikal linje

8) ( verktøy) fil

9) (britisk, gammeldags slang) luring, rakker, listig type, lommetyv

blank file ( militærvesen) blindrode

close file gjerrigknark

file copy arkiveksemplar, bibliotekeksemplar

a file of two men ( militærvesen) to mann (avgitt et oppdrag)

in file på rekke ( militærvesen) i roder

in single\/Indian file i gåsegang ( militærvesen) i enkeltkolonne

on file arkivert, i samlingen, i saksdokumentene

on our files i vårt register

personal file privatarkiv
II
verb \/faɪl\/

1) sette inn (i perm), legge på plass, ordne i en samling

• please file (away) these letters

vennligst legg disse brevene på plass

2) arkivere, registrere

3) ( juridisk) sende inn, inngi (stevning)

4) gå i gåsegang, gå en etter en, gå etter hverandre

5) ( militærvesen) marsjere i roder, gå i rekker

file a bankruptcy petition against somebody begjære noen konkurs

file an application legge inn en søknad

file a petition inngi en begjæring

file a suit against somebody inngi et søksmål mot noen

• the suit is filed for March 7

saken er utsatt til 7. mars

file away file bort arkivere ( militærvesen) marsjere bort enkeltvis

file down file ned

file off ( militærvesen) marsjere bort enkeltvis, defilere

file up behind somebody stille seg etter noen (i rekken)

right file! rodevis til høyre marsj!

English-Norwegian dictionary > file
20 file

I 1. noun
(a line of soldiers etc walking one behind the other.) coluna/fila
2. verb
(to walk in a file: They filed across the road.) formar uma coluna/andar em fila

- in single file
II 1. noun
1) (a folder, loose-leaf book etc to hold papers.) arquivador/pasta

2) (a collection of papers on a particular subject (kept in such a folder).) ficheiro

3) (in computing, a collection of data stored eg on a disc.) arquivo/ficheiro
2. verb
1) (to put (papers etc) in a file: He filed the letter under P.) arquivar

2) (to bring (a suit) before a law court: to file (a suit) for divorce.) registar

•

- filename
- filing cabinet III 1. noun
(a steel tool with a rough surface for smoothing or rubbing away wood, metal etc.) lima
2. verb
(to cut or smooth with a file: She filed her nails.) limar

- filings

* * *

file¹

[fail] n 1 dispositivo para segurar papéis. 2 pasta de papéis. 3 fichário, arquivo, pasta registradora. 4 autos, peças de um processo, lista, rol. 5 fila (também Mil). 6 pequeno destacamento. 7 coluna do tabuleiro de xadrez. 8 Comp a maior unidade em processamento de dados (pode conter grandes quantidades de rolos de fita ou conjunto de discos). • vt+vi 1 arquivar, fichar, pôr em ordem. 2 propor uma demanda em juízo. 3 desfilar, marchar em fila. lndian file, single file coluna por um. in double file em coluna de dois. in file em fila. on file fichado, no arquivo. rank and file os soldados rasos, membros de uma organização ou sindicato. to file an application fazer requerimento, requerer patente. to file away arquivar corretamente, anotar com cuidado.

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file²

[fail] n 1 lima (ferramenta). 2 sl finório, espertalhão, tipo. • vt+vi limar, polir, desgastar, fig esmerar, aperfeiçoar. close file avarento, sovina. a deep file sl um espertalhão. nail file lixa de unhas. rough file lima de desbastar. smooth file lima murça.

English-Portuguese dictionary > file

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